Class NormalForm

A (non-zero) integer matrix to be reduced to normal form. The matrix A can be of any size, as long as it is a well-formed non-empty matrix. For example,

[[1,2,3],[2,-5,0]]

is a valid input matrix of size 2×3; whereas,

[[1,2,3],[2,-5]]

is considered a malformed input matrix.

Reduced diagonal matrix. Note that D may not be a square matrix.

D = (inv Q)AP

Basechange matrix of dimension m.

Basechange matrix of dimension n.

Non-zero diagonal elements d_0, d_2,..., d_k after the reduction such that d_0 | d_2 |...| d_k.

Number of columns of A

Number of rows of A

Optional arguments